# Chapter 3 Exercise A

1. Suppose $b,c\in \R$. Define $T: \R^3 \to \R^2$ by $T(x, y, z)= (2x-4y +3z + b,6x +cxyz).$ Show that $T$ is linear if and only if $b=c=0$.

Solution: If $T$ is linear, then $(0,0)=T(0,0,0)=(b,0)$by 3.11, hence $b=0$. We also have $T(1,1,1)=T(1,1,0)+T(0,0,1),$it is equivalent to $(1+b,6+c)=(b-2,6)+(3+b,0)=(1+2b,6).$Thus $6+c=6$ implies $c=0$.

Conversely, if $b=c=0$, $T$ is obviously linear. See 3.4 or Problem 3.

You may consider a linear map only has linear terms, hence the terms like $xyz$ is impossible.

2. Suppose $b,c\in\R$. Define $T:\ca P(\R)\to \R^2$ by $Tp=(3p(4)+5p'(6)+bp(1)p(2),\int_{-1}^2x^3p(x)dx+c\sin p(0)).$ Show that $T$ is linear if and only if $b=c=0$.

Solution: We show that if $b=c=0$, then $T$ is linear. Let $f,g\in \ca P(\R)$, then we have $(f+g)(4)=f(4)+g(4)$and $(f+g)'(4)=f'(4)+g'(4).$It is easy to check. Moreover, by linearity of integration, one has $\int_{-1}^2x^3(f+g)(x)dx=\int_{-1}^2x^3(f(x)+g(x))dx=\int_{-1}^2x^3f(x)dx+\int_{-1}^2x^3g(x)dx.$ By the above, it follows that \begin{align*} T(f+g)=&(3(f+g)(4)+5(f+g)'(6),\int_{-1}^2x^3(f+g)(x)dx)\\ =&(3f(4)+5f'(6),\int_{-1}^2x^3f(x)dx)+(3g(4)+5g'(6),\int_{-1}^2x^3g(x)dx)\\ =&Tf+Tg. \end{align*} Similarly, we can check that $T(\lambda f)=\lambda Tf$ for any $\lambda\in \R$ and $f\in \ca P(\R)$. Conversely, denote the linear map above by $S$. Then by Problem 5, it follows that $T-S$ is a linear map. That means $(T-S)p=(bp(1)p(2),c\sin p(0))$is linear. Consider $f(x)=\pi/2$ and $g(x)=\pi/2$, then $f,g\in\ca P(\R)$. We have $(T-S)(f+g)=(b\pi^2,c\sin \pi)=(b\pi^2,0)$and $(T-S)f+(T-S)g=(b\pi^2/2,c)+(b\pi^2/2,c)=(b\pi^2/2,2c).$Thus, we should have $(b\pi^2,0)=(b\pi^2/2,2c).$It follows that $b=c=0$.

We do not really need Problem 5, we need them just for simplifying computation.

3. Suppose $T\in \ca L(\mb F^n,\mb F^m)$. Show that there exist scalars $A_{j,k}\in\mb F$ for $j=1,\cdots,m$ and $k=1,\cdots,n$ such that $T(x_1,\cdots,x_n)=(A_{1,1}x_1+\cdots+A_{1,n}x_n,\cdots,A_{m,1}x_1+\cdots+A_{m,n}x_n)$ for every $(x_1,\cdots,x_n)\in \mb F^n$. [The exercise above shows that $T$ has the form promised in the last item of Example 3.4.]

Solution: If we denote $T(1,0,\cdots,0)=(A_{1,1},\cdots,A_{m,1}),$$T(0,1,\cdots,0)=(A_{1,2},\cdots,A_{m,2}),$$\cdots\cdots$and$T(0,0,\cdots,0,1)=(A_{1,n},\cdots,A_{m,n}).$Note that $(1,0,\cdots,0)$, $(0,1,\cdots,0)$, $\cdots$ and $(0,\cdots,0,1)$ is a basis of $\mb F^n$, then by the proof of 3.5 we conclude that $T(x_1,\cdots,x_n)=(A_{1,1}x_1+\cdots+A_{1,n}x_n,\cdots,A_{m,1}x_1+\cdots+A_{m,n}x_n).$

4. Suppose $T\in\ca L(V,W)$ and $v_1$, $\cdots$, $v_m$ is a list of vectors in $V$ such that $T v_1$, $\cdots$, $T v_m$ is a linearly independent list in $W$. Prove that $v_1$, $\cdots$, $v_m$ is linearly independent.

Solution: Suppose there are $a_1$, $\cdots$, $a_m\in\mb F$ such that $0=a_1v_1+\cdots+a_mv_m,$then $0=T(a_1v_1+\cdots+a_mv_m)=a_1Tv_1+\cdots+a_mTv_m.$Note that $T v_1$, $\cdots$, $T v_m$ is linearly independent, it follows that $a_1=\cdots=a_m=0,$thus $v_1$, $\cdots$, $v_m$ is linearly independent.

5. Prove the assertions in 3.7.

Solution: It suffices to show that $T+S$ and $\lambda T$ are linear maps provided $T$ and $S$ are linear maps, where $\lambda \in\mb F$. Then $\ca L(V,W)$ is closed under addition and scalar multiplication, hence is a vector space.

For any $u,v\in V$, we have \begin{align*} (T+S)(u+v)=&T(u+v)+S(u+v)=Tu+Tv+Su+Sv\\ =&(Tu+Su)+(Tv+Sv)=(T+S)u+(T+S)v. \end{align*} The first and last equality hold by the definitions in 3.6, the second equality holds since $T$ and $S$ are linear maps. Similarly, for $\eta\in\mb F$, \begin{align*} (T+S)(\eta u)=&T(\eta u)+S(\eta u)=\eta Tu+\eta Su\\ =&\eta(Tu+Su)=\eta(T+S)u. \end{align*} Combining these arguments, it follows that $T+S$ is a linear map. Again, for any $u,v\in V$, we have \begin{align*} (\lambda T)(u+v)=&\lambda (T(u+v))=\lambda (Tu+Tv)\\ =&\lambda (Tu)+\lambda (Tv)=(\lambda T)u+(\lambda T)v. \end{align*} The first and last equality hold by the definitions in 3.6, the second equality holds since $T$ is a linear map. Similarly, for $\eta\in\mb F$, \begin{align*} (\lambda T)(\eta u)=&\lambda(T(\eta u))=\lambda(\eta T( u))\\ =&\lambda\eta(Tu)=\eta(\lambda Tu)=\eta(\lambda T)u. \end{align*} Combining these arguments, it follows that $\lambda T$ is a linear map.

6. Prove the assertions in 3.9.

Solution: Associativity: by definition, for any $x\in V$, we have $((T_1T_2)T_3)x=(T_1T_2)(T_3x)=T_1(T_2(T_3x)),$while $(T_1(T_2T_3))x=T_1((T_2T_3)x)=T_1(T_2(T_3x)).$Hence $((T_1T_2)T_3)x=(T_1(T_2T_3))x$ for any $x\in V$, therefore $(T_1T_2)T_3=T_1(T_2T_3)$.

Identity: for any $x\in V$, we have $(TI)x=T(Ix)=Tx$while$(IT)x=I(Tx)=Tx.$Hence $(IT)x=(TI)x=Tx$ for any $x\in V$, therefore $IT=TI=T$.

Distributive properties: we only show $(S_1+S_2)T=S_1T+S_2T$. For any $u\in U$, we have $((S_1+S_2)T)u=(S_1+S_2)(Tu)=S_1(Tu)+S_2(Tu),$while $(S_1T+S_2T)u=(S_1T)u+(S_2T)u=S_1(Tu)+S_2(Tu).$ Hence $((S_1+S_2)T)u=(S_1T+S_2T)u$ for any $u\in U$, therefore $(S_1+S_2)T=S_1T+S_2T$. Similarly, we can show $S(T_1+T_2)=ST_1+ST_2$.

7. Show that every linear map from a 1-dimensional vector space to itself is multiplication by some scalar. More precisely, prove that if $\dim V = 1$ and $T \in\ca L(V, V)$, then there exists $\lambda\in\mb F$ such that $T v =\lambda v$ for all $v \in V$.

Solution: See Linear Algebra Done Right Solution Manual Chapter 3 Problem 1.

8. Give an example of a function $\vp:\R^2\to\R$ such that$\vp(av)=av$ for all $a\in\R$ and all $v\in \R^2$ but $\vp$ is not linear.[The exercise above and the next exercise show that neither homogeneity nor additivity alone is enough to imply that a function is a linear map.]

Solution: See Linear Algebra Done Right Solution Manual Chapter 3 Problem 2.

9. Give an example of a function $\vp:\C\to\C$ such that $\vp(w+z)=\vp(w)+\vp(z)$ for all $w,z\in\mb C$ but $\vp$ is not linear. (Here $\C$ is thought of as a complex vector space.) [There also exists a function $\vp:\R\to\R$ such that $\R$ satisfies the additivity condition above but $vp$ is not linear. However, showing the existence of such a function involves considerably more advanced tools.]

Solution: Consider the function defined by $\vp(a+bi)=a$, where $a,b\in\R$. If $w=\alpha_1+\beta_1 i$ and $z=\alpha_2+\beta_2 i$, where $\alpha_1$, $\alpha_2$, $\beta_1$ and $\beta_2$ are real numbers, then we have $\vp(w+z)=\vp(\alpha_1+\beta_1 i+\alpha_2+\beta_2 i)=\alpha_1+\alpha_2=\vp(w)+\vp(z).$However, $i\vp(1)=i\ne \vp(i\cdot 1)=0,$hence $\vp$ is not linear over $\C$.

For $\vp:\R\to\R$ case, please see On sort-of-linear functions.

10. Suppose $U$ is a subspace of $V$ with $U\ne V$. Suppose $S\in \ca L(U,W)$ and $S\ne 0$ (which means that $Su\ne 0$ for some $u \in U$). Define $T: V \to W$ by$Tv=\left\{ \begin{array}{ll} Sv, & \hbox{if v\in U,} \\ 0, & \hbox{if v\in V and v\notin U.} \end{array} \right.$ Prove that $T$ is not a linear map on $V$.

Solution: Note that $U\ne V$ and $S\ne 0$, we can choose $u\in U$ such that $Su\ne0$ and $v\in V$ but $v\notin U$, then $u+v\notin U$. Otherwise $v=(u+v)-u\in U$will yield a contradiction. Hence $T(u+v)=0$ by definition. On the other hand, $Tu+Tv=Su\ne 0$. It follows that $T(u+v)\ne Tu+Tv$, hence $T$ is not a linear map on $V$.

11. Suppose $V$ is finite-dimensional. Prove that every linear map on a subspace of $V$ can be extended to a linear map on $V$. In other words, show that if $U$ is a subspace of $V$ and $S\in \ca L(U,W)$, then there exists $T\in \ca L(V,W)$ such that $Tu=Su$ for all $u\in U$.

Solution: Let $u_1$, $\cdots$, $u_m$ be a basis of $U$, then we can extend it to a basis of $V$ by 2.33. That is $u_1$, $\cdots$, $u_m$, $v_{m+1}$, $\cdots$, $v_n$ is a basis of $V$. Define $T\in \ca L(V,W)$ as below $Tu_i=Su_i,\quad Tv_{j}=0, \quad 1\le i\le m, m+1\le j \le n.$The existence of $T$ is guaranteed by 3.5(unique). Then for any $u=a_1u_1+\cdots+a_mu_m$, $a_i\in\mb F$, we have \begin{align*} Tu=&T(a_1u_1+\cdots+a_mu_m)\\ =&a_1Tu_1+\cdots+a_mTu_m\\ =&a_1Su_1+\cdots+a_mSu_m\\ =&S(a_1u_1+\cdots+a_mu_m)=Su. \end{align*}

12. Suppose $V$ is finite-dimensional with $\dim V > 0$, and suppose $W$ is infinite-dimensional. Prove that $\ca L(V,W)$ is infinite-dimensional.

Solution: Here, we use Problem 14 of Exercises 2.A. Hence there is a sequence $W_1$, $W_2$, $\cdots$ of vectors in $W$ such that $W_1$, $W_2$, $\cdots$, $W_m$ is linearly independent for every positive integer $m$. Consider $T_i\in \ca L(V,W)$ such that $T_i(v_1)=w_i$, where $v_1$, $v_2$, $\cdots$, $v_n$ is a basis of $V$. The existence of $T_i$ are guaranteed by 3.5(not unique). Then we show that $T_1$, $\cdots$, $T_m$ is linearly independent for every positive integer $m$. Suppose there are $a_1$, $\cdots$, $a_m\in\mb F$ such that $a_1T_1+\cdots+a_mT_m=0.$Then we have $(a_1T_1+\cdots+a_mT_m)(v_1)=0$, i.e. $a_1w_1+\cdots+a_mw_m=0.$Since $W_1$, $W_2$, $\cdots$, $W_m$ is linearly independent, it follows that $a_1=\cdots=a_m=0$. Thus $T_1$, $\cdots$, $T_m$ is linearly independent. Again by Problem 14 of Exercises 2.A, it follows that $\ca L(V,W)$ is infinite-dimensional.

13. Suppose $v_1$, $v_2$, $\cdots$, $v_m$ is a linearly dependent list of vectors in $V$. Suppose also that $W\ne \{0\}$. Prove that there exist $w_1$, $w_2$, $\cdots$, $w_m\in W$ such that no $T\in\ca L(V,W)$ satisfies $Tv_k= w_k$ for each $k=1,\cdots,m$.

Solution: Because $v_1$, $v_2$, $\cdots$, $v_m$ is a linearly dependent, there exist $a_1$, $\cdots$, $a_m\in\mb F$ such that $a_1v_1+\cdots+a_mv_m=0$and some $a_i\ne 0$(this $i$ is fixed). Then let $w_i\ne 0$ while $w_j=0$ if $j\ne i$, where $w_1$, $w_2$, $\cdots$, $w_m\in W$. We will show there is no $T\in\ca L(V,W)$ satisfies $Tv_k= w_k$ for each $k=1,\cdots,m$. Otherwise, we have $0=T(a_1v_1+\cdots+a_mv_m)=a_1w_1+\cdots+a_mw_m=a_iw_i.$Notice that $a_i\ne0$ and $w_i\ne 0$ by our choice, we get a contradiction.

14. Suppose $V$ is finite-dimensional with $\dim V \ge 2$. Prove that there exist $S,T\in \ca L(V,V)$ such that $ST\ne TS$.

Solution: Let $e_1$, $\cdots$, $e_n$ be a basis of $V$, define $T\in \ca L(V,V)$ such that $Te_1=e_2,\quad Te_2=e_1,\quad Te_{i}=e_{i},\quad\text{for}\quad i\ge 2,$and $S\in \ca L(V,V)$ such that $Se_1=e_1,\quad Se_2=2e_2,\quad Se_{i}=e_{i},\quad\text{for}\quad i\ge 2.$The existences of $S$ and $T$ are guaranteed by 3.5(unique). Then $STe_1=Se_2=2e_2,\quad TSe_1=Te_1=e_2.$Hence $STe_1\ne TSe_1$, it implies $ST\ne TS$.

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